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He called for public funding of campaigns and vastly higher taxes on the rich. He proposed expanding Social Security, building a universal pre-K system, and taxing carbon.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3c!--  ########  BEGIN SNIPPET  ########  --\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cdiv data-analytics-category\x3d\x22article\x22 data-analytics-action\x3d\x22link:related2\x22 class\x3d\x22chorus-snippet s-related\x22\x3e\x3cspan class\x3d\x22s-related__title\x22\x3eRelated\x3c/span\x3e \x3c!-- Add links here --\x3e\x3ca href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/5/26/8662903/bernie-sanders-full-text-speech-presidential-campaign\x22 target\x3d\x22_blank\x22\x3eRead Bernie Sanders\x27s announcement speech here\x3c/a\x3e\x3cbr\x3e\x3c!-- End links --\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\n\x3c!--  ########  END SNIPPET  ########  --\x3e\n\n\x3cp\x3eThese are big ideas, in every sense of the word: their costs would be huge, their implementation difficult, their consequences far-reaching. They are ideas worth debating and discussing — and they\x27re why Sanders is worth covering.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eIt\x27s true, of course, that Sanders is polling miles behind Hillary Clinton. But, particularly this early in the campaign, it\x27s not the media\x27s role to simply ratify the advantages of early name recognition and fundraising prowess; it\x27s our role to cover the ideas of the candidates, so voters know what their choices are.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3ch3\x3eThe media\x27s Bernie Sanders problem\x3c/h3\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eIt\x27s been fascinating to watch the media struggle to decide how to cover the early days of Sanders\x27s campaign. On the one hand, the frizzy-haired \x22independent socialist\x22 is polling in the single digits, looks more like Doc Brown from \x3ci\x3eBack to the Future\x3c/i\x3e than like anyone who\x27s been elected president since the dawn of television, and has basically no establishment support inside the Democratic Party. Sanders seems certain to be crushed by the Clinton juggernaut, and typically that would make the media\x27s decision easy: don\x27t cover him.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cfigure class\x3d\x22e-image\x22\x3e\n    \x3cspan style\x3d\x22\x27position:relative;\x27\x22\x3e\n      \x3ccanvas width\x3d\x22500\x22 height\x3d\x22307\x22 style\x3d\x22float: none; margin: 6.75px 127.5px; padding: 0px; display: block;\x22\x3e\x3c/canvas\x3e\n          \x3c/span\x3e\n\n    \x3ccite\x3e\x3cp\x3e\x3ca href\x3d\x22http://giphy.com/gifs/back-to-the-future-scifi-c2C2RyuXSizTO\x22 sl-processed\x3d\x221\x22\x3eGiphy.com\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\x3c/cite\x3e\n\n    \x3cfigcaption\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eIn the future, you will run for president on a sharply populist platform.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3c/figcaption\x3e\n\x3c/figure\x3e\n\n\x3cp\x3eBut the media is facing a counter-pressure that didn\x27t exist 10 years ago: there\x27s a big audience that sure seems interested in coverage of Bernie Sanders.\x3c/p\x3e\n\n\n\x3cp\x3e\x22Somehow, Bernie Sanders, the 73-year-old senator from Vermont, has emerged as a king of social media early in the 2016 presidential campaign,\x22 \x3ca href\x3d\x22http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/19/us/politics/bernie-sanders-wants-to-be-president-but-hes-already-facebook-royalty.html\x22 sl-processed\x3d\x221\x22\x3emarveled\x3c/a\x3e the New York Times. Sanders dominates on Reddit and on Facebook. Any news organization clued into the social media tracking software Crowdtangle — and that is basically every media organization in existence — sees pieces about Sanders catching fire on the internet daily.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eAnd so the media is caught between its polls and its shares: by the normal rules of presidential politics, Sanders doesn\x27t deserve any more coverage than, say, Mike Huckabee (who is actually polling higher in the Republican race than Sanders is polling in the Democratic race). But by the normal rules of writing about political figures that readers are actually interested in, Sanders actually merits quite a bit of coverage — he\x27s like Elizabeth Warren, except he\x27s really running for president.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe result has been fairly odd coverage of Sanders. The more socially focused outlets have been boosting Sanders\x27s campaign like crazy (search \x22Bernie Sanders\x22 at Mic.com, for instance, and, well, \x3ca href\x3d\x22https://www.google.com/webhp?sourceid\x3dchrome-instant\x26amp;ion\x3d1\x26amp;espv\x3d2\x26amp;ie\x3dUTF-8#q\x3dsite%3Amic.com%20%22bernie%20sanders%22\x22 sl-processed\x3d\x221\x22\x3esee for yourself\x3c/a\x3e).\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eMore traditional outlets are writing stories that reflect their ambivalence about Sanders. There\x27s the aforementioned New York Times pieces on Sanders\x27s social media dominance. There\x27s \x3ca href\x3d\x22http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/the-fix/wp/2015/05/26/more-americans-want-bernie-sanders-to-be-president-than-graham-jindal-fiorina-and-kasich-combined/\x22 sl-processed\x3d\x221\x22\x3ethis story\x3c/a\x3e, from the Washington Post\x27s Philip Bump, that manages to combine a social-friendly headline suggesting Sanders\x27s support is much higher than people realize (\x22Bernie Sanders’s presidential campaign has more support than Graham, Jindal, Fiorina and Kasich combined\x22) with an analysis that basically concludes he\x27s completely doomed — even more doomed, perhaps, than the long-shot Republicans he\x27s outpolling (\x22Sanders won\x27t be the Democratic nominee. And neither Fiorina, Kasich nor Graham are likely to be the GOP nominee.\x22).\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3ch3\x3eThere\x27s good reason to cover Sanders — but it\x27s not the polls\x3c/h3\x3e\n\x3cfigure class\x3d\x22e-image\x22\x3e\n    \x3cspan style\x3d\x22\x27position:relative;\x27\x22\x3e\n      \x3cimg alt\x3d\x22Sen. Bernie Sanders Launches Presidential Bid In Vermont\x22 class\x3d\x22vox-lazy-load m-chorus-asset__in-entry-body lazy-loading\x22 data-chorus-asset-id\x3d\x223729894\x22 data-full-size\x3d\x22https://cdn2.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Gr3rUIGtd6aohKwN-VYCY51DWIE\x3d/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/3729894/474806676.jpg\x22 data-original\x3d\x22https://cdn1.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/hn_BOOtsU3iQFh-rWD3Sm5q8EGI\x3d/1600x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/3729894/474806676.jpg\x22 src\x3d\x22data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw\x3d\x3d\x22 style\x3d\x22height: 755px;\x22\x3e\n          \x3c/span\x3e\n\n    \x3ccite\x3ePhoto by Win McNamee/Getty Images\x3c/cite\x3e\n\n    \x3cfigcaption\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eSoon I\x27m going to be polling this high!\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3c/figcaption\x3e\n\x3c/figure\x3e\n\n\x3cp\x3eI\x27m a Bernie Sanders hipster: I\x27ve been covering him since \x3ca href\x3d\x22http://voices.washingtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2009/06/will_single_payer_supporters_h.html\x22 sl-processed\x3d\x221\x22\x3ebefore it made you Facebook friends\x3c/a\x3e. And the reason to cover Sanders\x27s campaign now is the same reason Sanders has always been worth covering: in terms of policy proposals, Sanders is one of the most interesting senators in Washington.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eHe\x27s waged \x3ca href\x3d\x22http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-love/sanders-bill-would-replac_b_69219.html\x22 sl-processed\x3d\x221\x22\x3ea long campaign\x3c/a\x3e, for instance, to supplement pharmaceutical patents with a prize system for pharmaceutical innovation. His proposals would push the federal government to offer huge cash rewards for the development of new treatments — and then those new treatments would pass instantly into the public domain, where they could be produced in low-cost, generic versions. It\x27s neither left nor right in its orientation — rather, it\x27s skeptical of a consensus belief both on the left and the right about patents and innovation, and it\x27s unfettered by Washington\x27s traditional fear of the pharmaceutical lobby.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eAnother example: most candidates become very quiet and very boring in the weeks before they kick off their presidential campaign. Not Sanders. On May 19, just a few days before launching his campaign, he rolled out \x3ca href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/5/19/8625499/bernie-sanders-college\x22 sl-processed\x3d\x221\x22\x3enew legislation\x3c/a\x3e that would levy a tax on stock trades to make tuition at state colleges effectively free. The proposal would also push states to increase their funding for higher education, as well as require public universities to use tenured or tenure-track faculty to provide 75 percent of their instruction.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThis is what makes Sanders worth covering: he has big ideas, he does the work to turn them into policy proposals, and he fights for them even when no one is watching.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x22This country faces more serious problems today than at any time since the Great Depression,\x22 Sanders said in his kickoff speech. But then he decided that actually didn\x27t go far enough, so, taking a breath, he continued: \x22and, if you include the planetary crisis of climate change, it may well be that the challenges we face now are direr than any time in our modern history.\x22\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eI actually disagree with Sanders on this. I think America was in much worse shape when the Cold War collided into stagflation, and as terrifying as unchecked climate change is, I\x27ll take it over the threat of nuclear annihilation. For that matter, I think Sanders\x27s free-college idea is questionable — a lot of that money will go to subsidize kids who don\x27t need the help. And even if I\x27m not a fan of the move toward adjunct labor in universities, the requirement to use so much tenure-track faculty might kill off innovations in teaching that we haven\x27t even considered yet.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eBut these are the kinds of debates worth having, and they\x27re why Sanders\x27s campaign is worth covering. It\x27s telling that Sanders\x27s webpage already has an \x3ca href\x3d\x22https://berniesanders.com/issues/\x22 sl-processed\x3d\x221\x22\x3e\x22issues\x22\x3c/a\x3e section. As of yet, Hillary Clinton\x27s doesn\x27t.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3c/div\x3e','#article-body',6,'\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22feature-body\x22 id\x3d\x22feature-body\x22\x3e\n    \x3cdiv class\x3d\x22chorus-snippet center\x22\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eUp until a few weeks ago, I worked at a historic site in the South that included an old house and a nearby plantation. My job was to lead tours and tell guests about the people who made plantations possible: the slaves.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe site I worked at most frequently had more than 100 enslaved workers associated with it— 27 people serving the household alone, outnumbering the home\x27s three white residents by a factor of nine. Yet many guests who visited the house and took the tour reacted with hostility to hearing a presentation that focused more on the slaves than on the owners.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cq\x3eHe said, \x22Listen, I just wanted to say that dragging all this slavery stuff up again is bringing down America\x22\x3c/q\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe first time it happened, I had just finished a tour of the home. People were filing out of their seats, and one man stayed behind to talk to me. He said, \x22Listen, I just wanted to say that dragging all this slavery stuff up again is bringing down America.\x22\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eI started to protest, but he interrupted me. \x22You didn\x27t know. You\x27re young. But America is the greatest country in the world, and these people out there, they\x27d do anything to make America less great.\x22 He was loud and confusing, and I was 22 years old and he seemed like a million feet tall.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3chr\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eLots of folks who visit historic sites and plantations don\x27t expect to hear too much about slavery while they\x27re there. Their surprise isn\x27t unjustified: Relatively speaking, the move toward inclusive history in museums is fairly recent, and still underway. And as the recent debates over the\x26nbsp;\x3ca target\x3d\x22_blank\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/24/8840207/confederate-flag-ban-history-latest-mississippi-south-carolina\x22\x3eConfederate flag\x3c/a\x3e have shown, as a country we\x27re still working through our response to the horrors of slavery, even a century and a half after the end of the Civil War.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22float-right s-sidebar\x22\x3e\n\x3ch4\x3eMore on race in America\x3c/h4\x3e\n\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/20/8818093/confederate-flag-south-carolina-charleston-shooting\x22\x3e \x3cfigure class\x3d\x22e-image\x22\x3e\n    \x3cspan style\x3d\x22\x27position:relative;\x27\x22\x3e\n      \x3cimg alt\x3d\x22 \x22 class\x3d\x22vox-lazy-load lazy-loaded\x22 data-chorus-asset-id\x3d\x223824334\x22 data-full-size\x3d\x22https://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0xLW_gI3810vD1uhY3imtwnDJtE\x3d/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/3824334/GettyImages-51964826.0.0.0.jpg\x22 data-original\x3d\x22https://cdn1.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/7fiJECM6rPWvkWIpSd9KQVg63Zg\x3d/400x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/3824334/GettyImages-51964826.0.0.0.jpg\x22 src\x3d\x22https://cdn1.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/7fiJECM6rPWvkWIpSd9KQVg63Zg\x3d/400x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/3824334/GettyImages-51964826.0.0.0.jpg\x22 style\x3d\x22height: auto; display: block;\x22\x3e\n          \x3c/span\x3e\n\n\n\x3c/figure\x3e\n\x3c/a\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/20/8818093/confederate-flag-south-carolina-charleston-shooting\x22\x3eThe Confederate flag symbolizes white supremacy — and it always has\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/22/8810539/racism-generational-american-views\x22\x3eStop waiting for racism to die out with old people\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2014/12/26/7443979/racism-implicit-racial-bias\x22\x3eObama is right. Racism is more than the n-word.\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3c/div\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe majority of interactions I had with museum guests were positive, and most visitors I encountered weren\x27t as outwardly angry as that man who confronted me early on. (Though some were. One favorite: a 60-ish guy in a black tank top who, annoyed both at having to wait for a tour and at the fact that the next tour focused on slaves, came back at me with, \x22Yeah, well, Egyptians enslaved the Israelites, so I guess what goes around comes around!\x22)\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eStill, I\x27d often meet visitors who had earnest but deep misunderstandings about the nature of American slavery. These folks were usually, but not always, a little older, and almost invariably white. I was often asked if the slaves there got paid, or (less often) whether they had signed up to work there. You could tell from the questions — and, not less importantly, from the body language — that the people asking were genuinely ignorant of this part of the country\x27s history.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe more overtly negative reactions to hearing about slave history were varied in their levels of subtlety. Sometimes it was as simple as watching a guest\x27s body language go from warm to cold at the mention of slavery in the midst of the historic home tour. I also met guests from all over the country who, by means of suggestive questioning of the \x22Wouldn\x27t you agree that...\x22 variety, would try to lead me to admit that slavery and slaveholders weren\x27t as bad as they\x27ve been made out to be.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eOn my tours, such moments occurred less frequently if visitors of color were present. Perhaps guests felt more comfortable asking me these questions because I am white, though my African-American coworkers were by no means exempt from such experiences. At any rate, these moments happened often enough that I eventually began writing them down (and, later, \x3ca href\x3d\x22https://twitter.com/afamhistfail\x22\x3etweeting about them\x3c/a\x3e).\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eTaken together, these are the most common misconceptions about American slavery I encountered during my time interpreting history to the public:\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3ch3\x3e1)\x26nbsp;People think slaveholders \x22took care\x22 of their slaves out of the goodness of their hearts, rather than out of economic interest\x3c/h3\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThere is a surprisingly prevalent belief out there that slaves\x27 rations and housing were bestowed upon them out of the master\x27s goodwill, rather than handed down as a necessity for their continued labor — and their master\x27s continued profit.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThis view was expressed to me often, usually by people asking if the family was \x22kind\x22 or \x22benevolent\x22 to their slaves, but at no point was it better encapsulated than by a youngish mom taking the house tour with her 6-year-old daughter a couple of years ago. I had been showing them the inventory to the building, which sets a value on all the high-ticket items in the home, including silver, books, horses, and, of course, actual human people. (Remember that the technical definition of a slave is not just an unpaid worker, but a person considered property.)\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cq\x3e\x22Did the slaves here \x3cem\x3eappreciate\x3c/em\x3e the care they got from their mistress?\x22 she asked, pinchedly\x3c/q\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eFor most guests, this is the most emotionally meaningful moment of the tour. I showed the young mother some of the slaves\x27 names and pointed out which people were related to each other. The mom stiffened up, raised her chin, and asked pinchedly, \x22Did the slaves here \x3ci\x3eappreciate\x3c/i\x3e the care they got from their mistress?\x22\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3ch3\x3e2)\x26nbsp;People know that field slavery was bad but think household slavery was pretty all right, if not an outright sweet deal\x3c/h3\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x22These were house slaves, so they must have had a pretty all right life, right?\x22 is a phrase I heard again and again. Folks would ask me if members of the enslaved household staff felt \x22fortunate\x22 that they \x22got to\x22 sleep in the house or \x22got to\x22 serve a politically powerful owner.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eRelatedly, many guests seemed to think that the only reason to seek liberation from household slavery was if you were being beaten or abused. A large part of the house tours I gave was narratives of men and women who dared to attempt escape from it, and so many museum visitors asked me, in all earnestness and surprise, \x3ci\x3ewhy\x3c/i\x3e those men and women tried to escape: \x22They lived in a nice house here, and they weren\x27t being beaten. Do we know why they wanted to leave?\x22 These folks were seeing the evil of slavery primarily as a function of the physical environment and the behavior of individual slaveowners, not as inherent to the system itself.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eIt is worth mentioning here that the bulk of wanted ads placed in newspapers for fugitive slaves are for house servants, not field workers. Apparently whatever slavery was like in the big house, people were willing to risk their lives to get away from it.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3ch3\x3e3)\x26nbsp;People think slavery and poverty are interchangeable\x3c/h3\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3cb\x3e\x3c/b\x3eSometimes in the course of a conversation, guests I spoke with would remark that while being a field slave was indeed difficult, on the whole it was hardly worse than being a humble farmer living off the land. Folks have not always been taught that slavery was much more than just difficult labor: It was violence, assault, family separation, fear.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eOne important branch of this phenomenon was guests huffily bringing up every disadvantaged group of white people under the sun — the Irish, the Polish, the Jews, indentured servants, regular servants, poor people, white women, Baptists, Catholics, modern-day wage workers, whomever — and say something like, \x22Well, you know they had it almost as bad as/just as bad as/much worse than slaves did.\x22 Within the context of a tour or other interpretation, this behavior had the effect of temporarily pulling sympathy and focus away from African Americans and putting it on whites.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe most extreme example of this occurred in my very last week of work. A gentlemen came in to view our replica slave quarter and, upon learning how crowded it was, said, \x22Well, I\x27ve seen taverns where five or six guys had to share a bed!\x22 — thus adding \x22tavern-goers\x22 to the list of white people who supposedly had it just as bad as slaves.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3ch3\x3e4) People don\x27t understand how prejudice influenced slaveholders\x27 actions \x3ci\x3ebeyond\x3c/i\x3e mere economic interest\x3c/h3\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eI was occasionally asked what motivation slaveholders would have had for beating, starving, or otherwise maltreating enslaved workers. This was often phrased as, \x22If you think about it economically, they don\x27t work as hard if you don\x27t feed \x27em!\x22 (The frequent use of the general \x22you\x22 in this formulation is significant, because it assumes that the archetypal listener is a potential slaveholder —i.e., that the archetypal listener is white.)\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eSometimes this question was asked sincerely; at other times the asker was using it to suggest that stories of abuse, suffering, and exploitation under slavery were just outliers or exaggerations.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eWhat this perspective fails to take into account is the racist beliefs that made cruelty to slaves seem ethically permissible. Slaveowners told each other that black workers were stronger than white ones and thus didn\x27t require as much food or rest. They also told each other that black Americans had a higher pain tolerance — literal thick skin — and that therefore physical punishments could be employed with less restraint.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eSuch beliefs also helped slaveowners feel confident dismissing complaints from enslaved workers as ungrateful whining.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3ch3\x3e5)\x26nbsp;People think \x22loyalty\x22 is a fair term to apply to people held in bondage\x3c/h3\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eOne of the few times I actually felt scared of a guest was during a crowded tour a couple of years ago. I was describing a typical dining room service: the table packed with wealthy and influential couples from the surrounding town, and, in the corners of the room, enslaved waiting men watching and serving but unable to speak. The tour was so crowded that not everyone could fit into the room, and a few tourists were listening from the hallway.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eAs soon as I finished my sentence about the slaves, an expressionless voice behind me intoned, \x22Were they loyal?\x22 I turned around, and saw a man resting his arms on either side of the door frame behind me, blocking the exit. He looked like he was about to slap me.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eI asked him why he would ask that. \x22They gave \x27em food. Gave \x27em a place to live,\x22 he said. He was just staring into the room, blank in the eyes.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x22I think most people would act ‘loyal\x27 to a person who could shoot them for leaving,\x22 I said. He and his adult sons keep their arms crossed as they stared at me for the rest of the tour, and I tried to stay toward the middle of the group.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3chr\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eWhy these misconceptions are so prevalent is a fair question. Sometimes guests were just repeating ideas they\x27d heard in school or from family. They were only somewhat invested in those ideas personally, and they were open to hearing new perspectives (especially when backed up by historical data).\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eIn many other cases, however, justifications of slavery seemed primarily like an attempt by white Americans to avoid feelings of guilt for the past. After all, for many people, beliefs about one\x27s ancestors reflect one\x27s beliefs about oneself. We don\x27t want our ancestors to have done bad things because we don\x27t want to think of ourselves as being bad people. These slavery apologists were less invested in defending slavery per se than in defending slave\x3ci\x3eowners\x3c/i\x3e, and they weren\x27t defending slaveowners so much as themselves.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cq\x3e\x22Were they loyal?\x22 I asked him why he would ask that. \x22They gave \x27em food. Gave \x27em a place to live.\x22\x3c/q\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eOther guests seemed to have come around to slavery apologetics through a different route: They seemed find part of their identity in a sense of class victimhood, and they were unwilling to share the sympathy and attention of victimhood with black Americans. As Frank Guan \x3ca href\x3d\x22http://www.newrepublic.com/article/122117/why-are-white-racists-always-called-white-trash\x22\x3epointed out\x3c/a\x3e in the New Republic, explicitness of racism tends to be inversely proportional to social class. Guests who expressed racism most openly to me often appeared to have had recent ancestors who were poor, who were prevented by convention and economics from rising in social status, and who were exploited by the powerful — but who were protected by their whiteness from the extreme oppression visited on African Americans. These guests felt that the deck had been stacked against them for generations, and their sense of ancestral victimhood was so personal that the suggestion that any group of people had it worse than their ancestors did was a threat to their sense of self.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eAnd maybe some of these guests were just looking for somewhere to place their anger at their problems, their sense of powerlessness, and their discomfort at social change. They found a scapegoat in black America. I imagine that\x27s what motivated\x26nbsp;\x3ca target\x3d\x22_blank\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/19/8813817/charleston-shooter-hate-crime\x22\x3eCharleston shooter Dylann Roof\x3c/a\x3e — that sense of being aggrieved, and wanting someone to hate for it.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3c!--  ########  BEGIN VOLUME VIDEO  ########  --\x3e\n\x3cdiv data-volume-id\x3d\x223177\x22 data-analytics-placement\x3d\x22entry:middle\x22 data-volume-placement\x3d\x22article\x22 id\x3d\x22volume-placement-5805\x22 class\x3d\x22volume-video p-scalable-video\x22\x3e\x3cdiv id\x3d\x22volume-placement-5805-target\x22\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22innerWrapper\x22\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22oo_error\x22 style\x3d\x22display: none;\x22\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22oo_error_image\x22\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22oo_error_message\x22\x3e\x3ch1 class\x3d\x22oo_error_message_text\x22\x3e\x3c/h1\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\x3c/div\x3e         \x3cobject classid\x3d\x22clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000\x22 id\x3d\x22OoFlashlgamvwh4cxr\x22 class\x3d\x22video\x22 width\x3d\x22100%\x22 height\x3d\x22100%\x22 style\x3d\x22left: 0px;\x22\x3e          \x3cparam name\x3d\x22movie\x22 value\x3d\x22http://player.ooyala.com/player.swf?player\x3da637d53c5c0a43c7bf4e342886b9d8b0\x22\x3e          \x3c!--[if !IE]\x3e--\x3e          \x3cobject type\x3d\x22application/x-shockwave-flash\x22 id\x3d\x22OoFlashlgamvwh4cxr_internal\x22 data\x3d\x22http://player.ooyala.com/player.swf?player\x3da637d53c5c0a43c7bf4e342886b9d8b0\x22 width\x3d\x22100%\x22 height\x3d\x22100%\x22\x3e          \x3c!--\x3c![endif]--\x3e          \x3cparam name\x3d\x22allowScriptAccess\x22 value\x3d\x22always\x22\x3e          \x3cparam name\x3d\x22allowFullScreen\x22 value\x3d\x22true\x22\x3e          \x3cparam name\x3d\x22bgcolor\x22 value\x3d\x22#000000\x22\x3e          \x3cparam name\x3d\x22wmode\x22 value\x3d\x22direct\x22\x3e          \x3cparam name\x3d\x22flashvars\x22 value\x3d\x22playerBrandingId\x3da637d53c5c0a43c7bf4e342886b9d8b0\x26amp;version\x3d2\x26amp;embedType\x3dnuplayer\x26amp;embedStyle\x3dmjolnir\x26amp;me\x3dOoFlashlgamvwh4cxr\x26amp;callback\x3dshootsy.OoFlashlgamvwh4cxr\x26amp;width\x3d100%25\x26amp;height\x3d100%25\x26amp;showInAdControlBar\x3dtrue\x26amp;flash_version\x3d\x26amp;v3_version\x3dab8fbb27a503d635fa052a1469f425c21ca02abb\x26amp;o0jsdebug\x3d\x22\x3e           \x3cp\x3ePlease upgrade your Flash Plugin\x3c/p\x3e          \x3c!--[if !IE]\x3e--\x3e          \x3c/object\x3e          \x3c!--\x3c![endif]--\x3e         \x3c/object\x3e         \x3c/div\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\n\x3c!--  ########  END VOLUME VIDEO  ########  --\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e \x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eRegardless of why they were espoused, all the misconceptions discussed here lead to the same result: the assertion that slavery wasn\x27t really all that bad (\x22as long as you had a godly master,\x22 as one guest put it). And if slavery itself was benign —\x26nbsp;\x3ci\x3eslavery\x3c/i\x3e, a word which in most parlances is a shorthand for unjust hardship and suffering — if even slavery itself was all right, then how bad can the struggles faced by modern-day African Americans really be? Why feel bad for those who complain about racist systems today? The minimization of the unjustness and horror of slavery does more than simply keep the bad feelings of guilt, jealousy, or anger away: It liberates the denier from social responsibility to slaves\x27 descendants.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3chr\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe question of how to improve this state of affairs is gigantic, and \x3ca href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2014/12/26/7443979/racism-implicit-racial-bias\x22\x3ebetter heads than mine have already said much about it\x3c/a\x3e. The tough thing is that racism comes more from the gut than from the mind: You can prove slavery was bad six ways from Sunday, but people can still choose to believe otherwise if they want. Addressing racism isn\x27t just about correcting erroneous beliefs — it\x27s about making people see the humanity in others. We need better education that demonstrates the complexity and dignity of all people; continued efforts from community organizations and faith communities to give justice its due; and better media portraying people of color as people, not caricatures or symbols. Art, public school, faith, entertainment — these are voices that address the subconscious, voices we absorb silently without even noticing. None of these is a complete solution, of course\x26nbsp;— they are all oblique routes to building compassion.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eOn the very small scale of leading historic house tours, what helped me combat ahistorical statements was to establish trust and rapport with guests from the get-go. For me, gentleness was key: It created an environment in which people were willing to hear new views and felt less nervous asking questions. For example, guests — especially older folks — used to ask me all the time whether the people who owned the house were \x22good slaveowners.\x22 I would say, \x22Well, that\x27s an interesting question,\x22 and suggest a couple of reasons why even the phrase \x3ci\x3egood slaveowner \x3c/i\x3eitself is troubling. They\x27d nod and look reflective. We were already friends, so they didn\x27t feel attacked by the correction. Then again, maybe they only believed me because they trusted a fellow white person as an unbiased source. And making a personal connection isn\x27t a foolproof way to diffuse racism, as the shooting in Charleston shows: Roof felt so welcomed by the members of Emanuel AME Church that he\x26nbsp;\x3ca target\x3d\x22_blank\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/charleston-church-shooting/dylann-roof-almost-didnt-go-through-charleston-church-shooting-n378341\x22\x3econsidered not killing any of them\x3c/a\x3e, yet ultimately he went through with his plan.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eAn older colleague once reminded me to \x22talk \x3ci\x3eto\x3c/i\x3e people, not \x3ci\x3eat\x3c/i\x3e them.\x22 It\x27s a small piece of advice. But day by day as I was face to face with strangers, challenging their deeply held beliefs on race, it helped.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3cem\x3eMargaret Biser gave educational tours and presentations at a historic site for more than six years. Read more stories of her experiences on Twitter \x3ca href\x3d\x22https://twitter.com/afamhistfail\x22 target\x3d\x22new\x22\x3e@AfAmHistFail\x3c/a\x3e.\x3c/em\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3chr\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/first-person\x22\x3eFirst Person\x3c/a\x3e is Vox\x27s home for compelling, provocative narrative essays. Do you have a story to share? Read our \x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/12/8767221/vox-first-person-explained\x22\x3esubmission guidelines\x3c/a\x3e, and pitch us at \x3ca href\x3d\x22mailto:firstperson@vox.com\x22\x3efirstperson@vox.com\x3c/a\x3e.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3c/div\x3e\nRead more First Person articles\x3c/div\x3e',47,'\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22feature-body\x22 id\x3d\x22feature-body\x22\x3e\n    \x3cdiv class\x3d\x22chorus-snippet center\x22\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eUp until a few weeks ago, I worked at a historic site in the South that included an old house and a nearby plantation. My job was to lead tours and tell guests about the people who made plantations possible: the slaves.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe site I worked at most frequently had more than 100 enslaved workers associated with it— 27 people serving the household alone, outnumbering the home\x27s three white residents by a factor of nine. Yet many guests who visited the house and took the tour reacted with hostility to hearing a presentation that focused more on the slaves than on the owners.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cq\x3eHe said, \x22Listen, I just wanted to say that dragging all this slavery stuff up again is bringing down America\x22\x3c/q\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe first time it happened, I had just finished a tour of the home. People were filing out of their seats, and one man stayed behind to talk to me. He said, \x22Listen, I just wanted to say that dragging all this slavery stuff up again is bringing down America.\x22\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eI started to protest, but he interrupted me. \x22You didn\x27t know. You\x27re young. But America is the greatest country in the world, and these people out there, they\x27d do anything to make America less great.\x22 He was loud and confusing, and I was 22 years old and he seemed like a million feet tall.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3chr\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eLots of folks who visit historic sites and plantations don\x27t expect to hear too much about slavery while they\x27re there. Their surprise isn\x27t unjustified: Relatively speaking, the move toward inclusive history in museums is fairly recent, and still underway. And as the recent debates over the\x26nbsp;\x3ca target\x3d\x22_blank\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/24/8840207/confederate-flag-ban-history-latest-mississippi-south-carolina\x22\x3eConfederate flag\x3c/a\x3e have shown, as a country we\x27re still working through our response to the horrors of slavery, even a century and a half after the end of the Civil War.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22float-right s-sidebar\x22\x3e\n\x3ch4\x3eMore on race in America\x3c/h4\x3e\n\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/20/8818093/confederate-flag-south-carolina-charleston-shooting\x22\x3e \x3cfigure class\x3d\x22e-image\x22\x3e\n    \x3cspan style\x3d\x22\x27position:relative;\x27\x22\x3e\n      \x3cimg alt\x3d\x22 \x22 class\x3d\x22vox-lazy-load lazy-loaded\x22 data-chorus-asset-id\x3d\x223824334\x22 data-full-size\x3d\x22https://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0xLW_gI3810vD1uhY3imtwnDJtE\x3d/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/3824334/GettyImages-51964826.0.0.0.jpg\x22 data-original\x3d\x22https://cdn1.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/7fiJECM6rPWvkWIpSd9KQVg63Zg\x3d/400x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/3824334/GettyImages-51964826.0.0.0.jpg\x22 src\x3d\x22https://cdn1.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/7fiJECM6rPWvkWIpSd9KQVg63Zg\x3d/400x0/filters:no_upscale()/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/3824334/GettyImages-51964826.0.0.0.jpg\x22 style\x3d\x22height: auto; display: block;\x22\x3e\n          \x3c/span\x3e\n\n\n\x3c/figure\x3e\n\x3c/a\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/20/8818093/confederate-flag-south-carolina-charleston-shooting\x22\x3eThe Confederate flag symbolizes white supremacy — and it always has\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/22/8810539/racism-generational-american-views\x22\x3eStop waiting for racism to die out with old people\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2014/12/26/7443979/racism-implicit-racial-bias\x22\x3eObama is right. Racism is more than the n-word.\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3c/div\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe majority of interactions I had with museum guests were positive, and most visitors I encountered weren\x27t as outwardly angry as that man who confronted me early on. (Though some were. One favorite: a 60-ish guy in a black tank top who, annoyed both at having to wait for a tour and at the fact that the next tour focused on slaves, came back at me with, \x22Yeah, well, Egyptians enslaved the Israelites, so I guess what goes around comes around!\x22)\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eStill, I\x27d often meet visitors who had earnest but deep misunderstandings about the nature of American slavery. These folks were usually, but not always, a little older, and almost invariably white. I was often asked if the slaves there got paid, or (less often) whether they had signed up to work there. You could tell from the questions — and, not less importantly, from the body language — that the people asking were genuinely ignorant of this part of the country\x27s history.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe more overtly negative reactions to hearing about slave history were varied in their levels of subtlety. Sometimes it was as simple as watching a guest\x27s body language go from warm to cold at the mention of slavery in the midst of the historic home tour. I also met guests from all over the country who, by means of suggestive questioning of the \x22Wouldn\x27t you agree that...\x22 variety, would try to lead me to admit that slavery and slaveholders weren\x27t as bad as they\x27ve been made out to be.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eOn my tours, such moments occurred less frequently if visitors of color were present. Perhaps guests felt more comfortable asking me these questions because I am white, though my African-American coworkers were by no means exempt from such experiences. At any rate, these moments happened often enough that I eventually began writing them down (and, later, \x3ca href\x3d\x22https://twitter.com/afamhistfail\x22\x3etweeting about them\x3c/a\x3e).\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eTaken together, these are the most common misconceptions about American slavery I encountered during my time interpreting history to the public:\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3ch3\x3e1)\x26nbsp;People think slaveholders \x22took care\x22 of their slaves out of the goodness of their hearts, rather than out of economic interest\x3c/h3\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThere is a surprisingly prevalent belief out there that slaves\x27 rations and housing were bestowed upon them out of the master\x27s goodwill, rather than handed down as a necessity for their continued labor — and their master\x27s continued profit.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThis view was expressed to me often, usually by people asking if the family was \x22kind\x22 or \x22benevolent\x22 to their slaves, but at no point was it better encapsulated than by a youngish mom taking the house tour with her 6-year-old daughter a couple of years ago. I had been showing them the inventory to the building, which sets a value on all the high-ticket items in the home, including silver, books, horses, and, of course, actual human people. (Remember that the technical definition of a slave is not just an unpaid worker, but a person considered property.)\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cq\x3e\x22Did the slaves here \x3cem\x3eappreciate\x3c/em\x3e the care they got from their mistress?\x22 she asked, pinchedly\x3c/q\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eFor most guests, this is the most emotionally meaningful moment of the tour. I showed the young mother some of the slaves\x27 names and pointed out which people were related to each other. The mom stiffened up, raised her chin, and asked pinchedly, \x22Did the slaves here \x3ci\x3eappreciate\x3c/i\x3e the care they got from their mistress?\x22\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3ch3\x3e2)\x26nbsp;People know that field slavery was bad but think household slavery was pretty all right, if not an outright sweet deal\x3c/h3\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x22These were house slaves, so they must have had a pretty all right life, right?\x22 is a phrase I heard again and again. Folks would ask me if members of the enslaved household staff felt \x22fortunate\x22 that they \x22got to\x22 sleep in the house or \x22got to\x22 serve a politically powerful owner.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eRelatedly, many guests seemed to think that the only reason to seek liberation from household slavery was if you were being beaten or abused. A large part of the house tours I gave was narratives of men and women who dared to attempt escape from it, and so many museum visitors asked me, in all earnestness and surprise, \x3ci\x3ewhy\x3c/i\x3e those men and women tried to escape: \x22They lived in a nice house here, and they weren\x27t being beaten. Do we know why they wanted to leave?\x22 These folks were seeing the evil of slavery primarily as a function of the physical environment and the behavior of individual slaveowners, not as inherent to the system itself.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eIt is worth mentioning here that the bulk of wanted ads placed in newspapers for fugitive slaves are for house servants, not field workers. Apparently whatever slavery was like in the big house, people were willing to risk their lives to get away from it.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3ch3\x3e3)\x26nbsp;People think slavery and poverty are interchangeable\x3c/h3\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3cb\x3e\x3c/b\x3eSometimes in the course of a conversation, guests I spoke with would remark that while being a field slave was indeed difficult, on the whole it was hardly worse than being a humble farmer living off the land. Folks have not always been taught that slavery was much more than just difficult labor: It was violence, assault, family separation, fear.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eOne important branch of this phenomenon was guests huffily bringing up every disadvantaged group of white people under the sun — the Irish, the Polish, the Jews, indentured servants, regular servants, poor people, white women, Baptists, Catholics, modern-day wage workers, whomever — and say something like, \x22Well, you know they had it almost as bad as/just as bad as/much worse than slaves did.\x22 Within the context of a tour or other interpretation, this behavior had the effect of temporarily pulling sympathy and focus away from African Americans and putting it on whites.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe most extreme example of this occurred in my very last week of work. A gentlemen came in to view our replica slave quarter and, upon learning how crowded it was, said, \x22Well, I\x27ve seen taverns where five or six guys had to share a bed!\x22 — thus adding \x22tavern-goers\x22 to the list of white people who supposedly had it just as bad as slaves.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3ch3\x3e4) People don\x27t understand how prejudice influenced slaveholders\x27 actions \x3ci\x3ebeyond\x3c/i\x3e mere economic interest\x3c/h3\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eI was occasionally asked what motivation slaveholders would have had for beating, starving, or otherwise maltreating enslaved workers. This was often phrased as, \x22If you think about it economically, they don\x27t work as hard if you don\x27t feed \x27em!\x22 (The frequent use of the general \x22you\x22 in this formulation is significant, because it assumes that the archetypal listener is a potential slaveholder —i.e., that the archetypal listener is white.)\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eSometimes this question was asked sincerely; at other times the asker was using it to suggest that stories of abuse, suffering, and exploitation under slavery were just outliers or exaggerations.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eWhat this perspective fails to take into account is the racist beliefs that made cruelty to slaves seem ethically permissible. Slaveowners told each other that black workers were stronger than white ones and thus didn\x27t require as much food or rest. They also told each other that black Americans had a higher pain tolerance — literal thick skin — and that therefore physical punishments could be employed with less restraint.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eSuch beliefs also helped slaveowners feel confident dismissing complaints from enslaved workers as ungrateful whining.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3ch3\x3e5)\x26nbsp;People think \x22loyalty\x22 is a fair term to apply to people held in bondage\x3c/h3\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eOne of the few times I actually felt scared of a guest was during a crowded tour a couple of years ago. I was describing a typical dining room service: the table packed with wealthy and influential couples from the surrounding town, and, in the corners of the room, enslaved waiting men watching and serving but unable to speak. The tour was so crowded that not everyone could fit into the room, and a few tourists were listening from the hallway.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eAs soon as I finished my sentence about the slaves, an expressionless voice behind me intoned, \x22Were they loyal?\x22 I turned around, and saw a man resting his arms on either side of the door frame behind me, blocking the exit. He looked like he was about to slap me.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eI asked him why he would ask that. \x22They gave \x27em food. Gave \x27em a place to live,\x22 he said. He was just staring into the room, blank in the eyes.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x22I think most people would act ‘loyal\x27 to a person who could shoot them for leaving,\x22 I said. He and his adult sons keep their arms crossed as they stared at me for the rest of the tour, and I tried to stay toward the middle of the group.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3chr\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eWhy these misconceptions are so prevalent is a fair question. Sometimes guests were just repeating ideas they\x27d heard in school or from family. They were only somewhat invested in those ideas personally, and they were open to hearing new perspectives (especially when backed up by historical data).\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eIn many other cases, however, justifications of slavery seemed primarily like an attempt by white Americans to avoid feelings of guilt for the past. After all, for many people, beliefs about one\x27s ancestors reflect one\x27s beliefs about oneself. We don\x27t want our ancestors to have done bad things because we don\x27t want to think of ourselves as being bad people. These slavery apologists were less invested in defending slavery per se than in defending slave\x3ci\x3eowners\x3c/i\x3e, and they weren\x27t defending slaveowners so much as themselves.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cq\x3e\x22Were they loyal?\x22 I asked him why he would ask that. \x22They gave \x27em food. Gave \x27em a place to live.\x22\x3c/q\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eOther guests seemed to have come around to slavery apologetics through a different route: They seemed find part of their identity in a sense of class victimhood, and they were unwilling to share the sympathy and attention of victimhood with black Americans. As Frank Guan \x3ca href\x3d\x22http://www.newrepublic.com/article/122117/why-are-white-racists-always-called-white-trash\x22\x3epointed out\x3c/a\x3e in the New Republic, explicitness of racism tends to be inversely proportional to social class. Guests who expressed racism most openly to me often appeared to have had recent ancestors who were poor, who were prevented by convention and economics from rising in social status, and who were exploited by the powerful — but who were protected by their whiteness from the extreme oppression visited on African Americans. These guests felt that the deck had been stacked against them for generations, and their sense of ancestral victimhood was so personal that the suggestion that any group of people had it worse than their ancestors did was a threat to their sense of self.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eAnd maybe some of these guests were just looking for somewhere to place their anger at their problems, their sense of powerlessness, and their discomfort at social change. They found a scapegoat in black America. I imagine that\x27s what motivated\x26nbsp;\x3ca target\x3d\x22_blank\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/19/8813817/charleston-shooter-hate-crime\x22\x3eCharleston shooter Dylann Roof\x3c/a\x3e — that sense of being aggrieved, and wanting someone to hate for it.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3c!--  ########  BEGIN VOLUME VIDEO  ########  --\x3e\n\x3cdiv data-volume-id\x3d\x223177\x22 data-analytics-placement\x3d\x22entry:middle\x22 data-volume-placement\x3d\x22article\x22 id\x3d\x22volume-placement-5805\x22 class\x3d\x22volume-video p-scalable-video\x22\x3e\x3cdiv id\x3d\x22volume-placement-5805-target\x22\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22innerWrapper\x22\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22oo_error\x22 style\x3d\x22display: none;\x22\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22oo_error_image\x22\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22oo_error_message\x22\x3e\x3ch1 class\x3d\x22oo_error_message_text\x22\x3e\x3c/h1\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\x3c/div\x3e         \x3cobject classid\x3d\x22clsid:D27CDB6E-AE6D-11cf-96B8-444553540000\x22 id\x3d\x22OoFlashlgamvwh4cxr\x22 class\x3d\x22video\x22 width\x3d\x22100%\x22 height\x3d\x22100%\x22 style\x3d\x22left: 0px;\x22\x3e          \x3cparam name\x3d\x22movie\x22 value\x3d\x22http://player.ooyala.com/player.swf?player\x3da637d53c5c0a43c7bf4e342886b9d8b0\x22\x3e          \x3c!--[if !IE]\x3e--\x3e          \x3cobject type\x3d\x22application/x-shockwave-flash\x22 id\x3d\x22OoFlashlgamvwh4cxr_internal\x22 data\x3d\x22http://player.ooyala.com/player.swf?player\x3da637d53c5c0a43c7bf4e342886b9d8b0\x22 width\x3d\x22100%\x22 height\x3d\x22100%\x22\x3e          \x3c!--\x3c![endif]--\x3e          \x3cparam name\x3d\x22allowScriptAccess\x22 value\x3d\x22always\x22\x3e          \x3cparam name\x3d\x22allowFullScreen\x22 value\x3d\x22true\x22\x3e          \x3cparam name\x3d\x22bgcolor\x22 value\x3d\x22#000000\x22\x3e          \x3cparam name\x3d\x22wmode\x22 value\x3d\x22direct\x22\x3e          \x3cparam name\x3d\x22flashvars\x22 value\x3d\x22playerBrandingId\x3da637d53c5c0a43c7bf4e342886b9d8b0\x26amp;version\x3d2\x26amp;embedType\x3dnuplayer\x26amp;embedStyle\x3dmjolnir\x26amp;me\x3dOoFlashlgamvwh4cxr\x26amp;callback\x3dshootsy.OoFlashlgamvwh4cxr\x26amp;width\x3d100%25\x26amp;height\x3d100%25\x26amp;showInAdControlBar\x3dtrue\x26amp;flash_version\x3d\x26amp;v3_version\x3dab8fbb27a503d635fa052a1469f425c21ca02abb\x26amp;o0jsdebug\x3d\x22\x3e           \x3cp\x3ePlease upgrade your Flash Plugin\x3c/p\x3e          \x3c!--[if !IE]\x3e--\x3e          \x3c/object\x3e          \x3c!--\x3c![endif]--\x3e         \x3c/object\x3e         \x3c/div\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\n\x3c!--  ########  END VOLUME VIDEO  ########  --\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e \x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eRegardless of why they were espoused, all the misconceptions discussed here lead to the same result: the assertion that slavery wasn\x27t really all that bad (\x22as long as you had a godly master,\x22 as one guest put it). And if slavery itself was benign —\x26nbsp;\x3ci\x3eslavery\x3c/i\x3e, a word which in most parlances is a shorthand for unjust hardship and suffering — if even slavery itself was all right, then how bad can the struggles faced by modern-day African Americans really be? Why feel bad for those who complain about racist systems today? The minimization of the unjustness and horror of slavery does more than simply keep the bad feelings of guilt, jealousy, or anger away: It liberates the denier from social responsibility to slaves\x27 descendants.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3chr\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eThe question of how to improve this state of affairs is gigantic, and \x3ca href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2014/12/26/7443979/racism-implicit-racial-bias\x22\x3ebetter heads than mine have already said much about it\x3c/a\x3e. The tough thing is that racism comes more from the gut than from the mind: You can prove slavery was bad six ways from Sunday, but people can still choose to believe otherwise if they want. Addressing racism isn\x27t just about correcting erroneous beliefs — it\x27s about making people see the humanity in others. We need better education that demonstrates the complexity and dignity of all people; continued efforts from community organizations and faith communities to give justice its due; and better media portraying people of color as people, not caricatures or symbols. Art, public school, faith, entertainment — these are voices that address the subconscious, voices we absorb silently without even noticing. None of these is a complete solution, of course\x26nbsp;— they are all oblique routes to building compassion.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eOn the very small scale of leading historic house tours, what helped me combat ahistorical statements was to establish trust and rapport with guests from the get-go. For me, gentleness was key: It created an environment in which people were willing to hear new views and felt less nervous asking questions. For example, guests — especially older folks — used to ask me all the time whether the people who owned the house were \x22good slaveowners.\x22 I would say, \x22Well, that\x27s an interesting question,\x22 and suggest a couple of reasons why even the phrase \x3ci\x3egood slaveowner \x3c/i\x3eitself is troubling. They\x27d nod and look reflective. We were already friends, so they didn\x27t feel attacked by the correction. Then again, maybe they only believed me because they trusted a fellow white person as an unbiased source. And making a personal connection isn\x27t a foolproof way to diffuse racism, as the shooting in Charleston shows: Roof felt so welcomed by the members of Emanuel AME Church that he\x26nbsp;\x3ca target\x3d\x22_blank\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/charleston-church-shooting/dylann-roof-almost-didnt-go-through-charleston-church-shooting-n378341\x22\x3econsidered not killing any of them\x3c/a\x3e, yet ultimately he went through with his plan.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3eAn older colleague once reminded me to \x22talk \x3ci\x3eto\x3c/i\x3e people, not \x3ci\x3eat\x3c/i\x3e them.\x22 It\x27s a small piece of advice. But day by day as I was face to face with strangers, challenging their deeply held beliefs on race, it helped.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3cem\x3eMargaret Biser gave educational tours and presentations at a historic site for more than six years. Read more stories of her experiences on Twitter \x3ca href\x3d\x22https://twitter.com/afamhistfail\x22 target\x3d\x22new\x22\x3e@AfAmHistFail\x3c/a\x3e.\x3c/em\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3chr\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/first-person\x22\x3eFirst Person\x3c/a\x3e is Vox\x27s home for compelling, provocative narrative essays. Do you have a story to share? Read our \x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/12/8767221/vox-first-person-explained\x22\x3esubmission guidelines\x3c/a\x3e, and pitch us at \x3ca href\x3d\x22mailto:firstperson@vox.com\x22\x3efirstperson@vox.com\x3c/a\x3e.\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3c/div\x3e\n\x3cul class\x3d\x22m-related-links\x22 data-analytics-placement\x3d\x22bottom\x22\x3e\x3ch3\x3eLearn more\x3c/h3\x3e\x3cli class\x3d\x22related-links-item\x22\x3e\x3ca data-analytics-link\x3d\x22related\x22 class\x3d\x22related-links-link\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/5/28/8661977/race-police-officer\x22\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22related-links-item-image\x22 style\x3d\x22background-image: url( https://cdn2.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZDvsEqoXXhu-jcUjKHBMFbAPybs\x3d/0x164:3000x1831/1080x600/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/46398954/474571396.0.0.jpg );\x22\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22related-links-item-highlight\x22\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22related-links-item-headline\x22 contenteditable\x3d\x22false\x22\x3eI\x27m a black ex-cop, and this is the real truth about race and policing\x3c/div\x3e\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/li\x3e\x3cli class\x3d\x22related-links-item\x22\x3e\x3ca data-analytics-link\x3d\x22related\x22 class\x3d\x22related-links-link\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/23/8823349/immigration-system-broken\x22\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22related-links-item-image\x22 style\x3d\x22background-image: url( https://cdn3.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/XGCZFZRNgZbAo5IUkym3nf0eWls\x3d/0x164:3000x1831/1080x600/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/46584574/GettyImages-470457004.0.0.jpg );\x22\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22related-links-item-highlight\x22\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22related-links-item-headline\x22 contenteditable\x3d\x22false\x22\x3eI spent the last 15 years trying to become an American. I\x27ve failed.\x3c/div\x3e\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/li\x3e\x3cli class\x3d\x22related-links-item\x22\x3e\x3ca data-analytics-link\x3d\x22related\x22 class\x3d\x22related-links-link\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8845881/food-stamps\x22\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22related-links-item-image\x22 style\x3d\x22background-image: url( https://cdn1.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/SjwRqYRxpdyMu-zcML3RzSF-v_8\x3d/0x332:6048x3692/1080x600/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/46612958/shutterstock_127409087.0.0.jpg );\x22\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22related-links-item-highlight\x22\x3e\x3c/div\x3e\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22related-links-item-headline\x22 contenteditable\x3d\x22false\x22\x3eI get food stamps, and I’m not ashamed — I’m angry\x3c/div\x3e\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/li\x3e\x3c/ul\x3e\x3clink href\x3d\x22http://apps.voxmedia.com/tools/stylesheets/tools/related-links/app-public-1532b1c7.css\x22 rel\x3d\x22stylesheet\x22 type\x3d\x22text/css\x22\x3e\x3c/div\x3e',49,51,'\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22float-right s-sidebar\x22\x3e\n\x3ch4\x3eMore First Person essays\x3c/h4\x3e\n\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/5/28/8661977/race-police-officer\x22\x3e \x3cfigure class\x3d\x22e-image\x22\x3e\n    \x3cspan style\x3d\x22\x27position:relative;\x27\x22\x3e\n      \x3cimg alt\x3d\x22 \x22 class\x3d\x22vox-lazy-load lazy-loaded\x22 data-chorus-asset-id\x3d\x223824334\x22 data-full-size\x3d\x22https://cdn1.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BpddhU-DAde30SivijZ2rb6CUSE\x3d/0x644:3000x1977/1350x600/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/46398954/474571396.0.0.jpg\x22 data-original\x3d\x22https://cdn1.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BpddhU-DAde30SivijZ2rb6CUSE\x3d/0x644:3000x1977/1350x600/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/46398954/474571396.0.0.jpg\x22 src\x3d\x22https://cdn1.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BpddhU-DAde30SivijZ2rb6CUSE\x3d/0x644:3000x1977/1350x600/cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/46398954/474571396.0.0.jpg\x22 style\x3d\x22height: auto; display: block;\x22\x3e\n          \x3c/span\x3e\n\n\n\x3c/figure\x3e\n\x3c/a\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/5/28/8661977/race-police-officer\x22\x3eI\x27m a black ex-cop, and this is the real truth about race and policing\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/23/8823349/immigration-system-broken\x22\x3eI spent the last 15 years trying to become an American. I\x27ve failed.\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/26/8845881/food-stamps\x22\x3eI get food stamps, and I’m not ashamed — I’m angry\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3c/div\x3e','#feature-body\x3ediv\x3ediv:nth-of-type(1)',53,'\x3cdiv class\x3d\x22float-right s-sidebar\x22\x3e\n\x3ch4\x3eMore First Person essays\x3c/h4\x3e\n\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/5/28/8661977/race-police-officer\x22\x3e \x3cfigure class\x3d\x22e-image\x22\x3e\n    \x3cspan style\x3d\x22\x27position:relative;\x27\x22\x3e\n      \x3cimg alt\x3d\x22 \x22 class\x3d\x22vox-lazy-load lazy-loaded\x22 data-chorus-asset-id\x3d\x223833556\x22 src\x3d\x22https://cdn0.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/3833556/474571396.0.0.0.jpg\x22 style\x3d\x22height: auto; display: block;\x22\x3e\n          \x3c/span\x3e\n\n\n\x3c/figure\x3e\n\x3c/a\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/5/28/8661977/race-police-officer\x22\x3eI\x27m a black ex-cop, and this is the real truth about race and policing\x3c/a\x3e\x3c/p\x3e\n\x3cp\x3e\x3ca target\x3d\x22new\x22 href\x3d\x22http://www.vox.com/2015/6/23/8823349/immigration-system-broken\x22\x3eI spent the last 15 years trying to become an American. 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